![]() ![]() ![]() The first well-known DDoS attack appears to have occurred in August 1999 against a higher educational institution in the United States. DDoS attacks are executed via a remotely controlled network, distributed and well-organized, so that compromised machines called zombies can be utilized for transmitting a huge volume of simultaneous requests to continuously attack the target system.ĭDoS attacks against application-layer services are not new. Application-layer attacks are most challenging to detect and overcome because the generated transactions, such as HTTP requests, are indistinguishable from those by legitimate users. Application-layer attacks target servers’ applications or services by attempting to fully exhaust their resources by creating as many transactions and processes in the shortest time possible. On the other hand, the attacks that deny legitimate user access to services by exhausting the VM resources (e.g., input/output bandwidth, sockets, central process unit (CPU), disk/database bandwidth, and memory) are application-layer (Level 7) attacks. ![]() DDoS attacks that disrupt users’ connectivity by exhausting the network bandwidth and reducing the router’s processing capacity fall under the network-layer attack category. It is transmitted to the victim machine for embezzling the applications or protocol execution on the victim. Adversaries launch DDoS attacks by sending a large volume of seemingly normal packets, making them difficult to detect. ![]()
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